Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that impacts how a woman's ovaries function. While it primarily affects the reproductive organs, it can also have widespread effects on the body. PCOS is frequently seen in women of reproductive age and, if left unmanaged, may lead to long-term health complications.

How PCOS Affects the Body

Typically, ovulation occurs when a mature egg is released from the ovary to potentially be fertilized by sperm. If fertilization doesn’t occur, the egg is expelled during menstruation. However, in PCOS, hormonal imbalances may prevent regular ovulation. This can result in the development of numerous small cysts in the ovaries. These cysts produce an excess of androgens—hormones commonly found in higher levels in men. Elevated androgen levels can disrupt the menstrual cycle and contribute to many symptoms associated with PCOS.

Though there’s no definitive cure for PCOS, treatment often involves medications that help control symptoms and reduce health risks.

What Causes PCOS?

The exact origin of PCOS is still uncertain. Many women with PCOS show signs of insulin resistance, meaning their bodies cannot use insulin efficiently. This leads to elevated insulin levels, which may trigger higher androgen production. Obesity can worsen insulin resistance and intensify symptoms of PCOS.

Risk Factors for PCOS

You're more likely to develop PCOS if it runs in your family—particularly if your mother or sister has it. Having insulin resistance or being overweight can also increase your risk.

Signs and Symptoms of PCOS

Common symptoms include:

• Irregular, infrequent, or absent periods

• Enlarged ovaries with multiple small cysts

• Excess body hair (especially on the chest, back, or stomach)

• Weight gain, particularly around the abdomen

• Oily skin or persistent acne

• Hair thinning or male-pattern baldness

• Difficulty conceiving

• Skin tags, especially around the neck or armpits

• Darkened skin patches on the neck, underarms, or beneath the breasts

Diagnosing PCOS

To diagnose PCOS, your healthcare provider will review your medical history and conduct a physical exam, which may include a pelvic examination to assess reproductive organs.

Further tests might include:

• Ultrasound: Used to check for ovarian cysts and assess the uterine lining.

• Blood tests: Help evaluate hormone levels, including androgens, and check blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglycerides.

Treatment Options for PCOS

Treatment strategies are tailored to individual needs and may vary based on age, symptom severity, and fertility goals.

If you wish to become pregnant, treatment may include:

• Lifestyle changes: A nutritious diet and regular physical activity can aid weight loss, improve insulin sensitivity, lower blood sugar, and support ovulation.

• Ovulation-stimulating medications: These can help trigger egg release but may carry risks like multiple pregnancies or ovarian hyperstimulation, leading to bloating and discomfort.

If you do not plan to conceive, your doctor might recommend:

• Birth control pills: These regulate menstrual cycles, reduce androgen levels, and clear acne.

• Diabetes medications: Drugs like metformin can enhance insulin function, lower androgens, slow hair growth, and restore regular ovulation.

• Lifestyle modifications: Healthy eating and exercise remain essential.

• Other medications: Additional treatments may target excessive hair growth or acne.

Potential Complications of PCOS

PCOS can increase the likelihood of developing:

• Type 2 diabetes

• High blood pressure

• Cardiovascular disease

• Endometrial (uterine) cancer

• Infertility

Living with PCOS

Managing PCOS can be emotionally and physically challenging. Many women experience frustration due to symptoms like weight gain, acne, or excess hair growth. Cosmetic procedures such as laser hair removal or electrolysis may improve self-esteem. Always consult your healthcare provider for symptom management strategies tailored to your needs.

When to Seek Medical Advice

Contact your doctor if you experience prolonged or unusually heavy bleeding.

Key Takeaways

• PCOS is a widespread hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age.

• It is marked by infrequent ovulation, elevated androgen levels, and the presence of ovarian cysts.

• Common symptoms include menstrual irregularities, unwanted hair growth, acne, weight gain, and infertility.

• PCOS raises the risk of chronic conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and uterine cancer.

• Treatment is individualized and depends on reproductive plans and overall health.

      Dr. Ifrah Hassan Hilaac